Letter | Words |
---|---|
A | apple, ant, anchor |
B | ball, banana, butterfly |
C | cat, cup, carrot |
D | dog, duck, dolphin |
E | elephant, egg, eagle |
F | fish, frog, flower |
G | goat, grape, giraffe |
H | hat, horse, house |
I | igloo, insect, ice |
J | juice, jellyfish, jacket |
K | kite, kangaroo, key |
L | lion, leaf, lamp |
M | monkey, moon, mouse |
N | nest, nose, nut |
O | octopus, owl, orange |
P | pig, penguin, pineapple |
Q | queen, quilt, question |
R | rabbit, rainbow, rose |
S | sun, snake, star |
T | turtle, tree, tiger |
U | umbrella, unicorn, up |
V | vase, volcano, violin |
W | whale, window, watermelon |
X | x-ray, xylophone, xenops |
Y | yarn, yak, yellow |
Z | zebra, zoo, zipper |
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A series of pedagogical
Consonant Sound | Example Words |
---|---|
B | bat, ball, bubble |
C | cat, cup, circus |
D | dog, door, duck |
F | fish, fan, fluff |
G | goat, game, gap |
H | hat, happy, house |
J | jump, juice, jaguar |
K | kite, key, kangaroo |
L | lion, leaf, lamp |
M | moon, mouse, milk |
N | nest, night, nose |
P | pig, pen, puddle |
Q (qu) | queen, quill, quilt |
R | rabbit, run, ring |
S | sun, snake, sugar |
T | tree, top, turtle |
V | van, violet, vote |
W | wind, whale, window |
X | box, fox, ax |
Y | yellow, yes, yarn |
Z | zebra, zoo, zipper |
Ch | chair, cheese, cherry |
Sh | ship, shell, shine |
Th (voiced) | this, that, there |
Th (unvoiced) | think, three, thumb |
Ng | ring, long, singing |
Homophones | Meaning |
---|---|
to, too, two | Preposition, also, number |
there, their, they're | Location, possessive, contraction of "they are" |
your, you're | Possessive, contraction of "you are" |
by, buy, bye | Preposition, purchase, farewell |
see, sea, C | Visual perception, large body of saltwater, letter C |
sun, son | Star at the center of the solar system, male child |
flower, flour | Part of a plant, ground grain |
night, knight | Time after sunset, medieval warrior |
know, no | To be aware, negative response |
write, right, rite | To record, correct or direction, ceremony |
peace, piece | Tranquility, part of something |
rain, reign, rein | Water from clouds, rule, horse control |
ate, eight | Past of eat, number |
wear, where, ware | To put on, location, goods |
our, hour | Possessive, unit of time |
tale, tail | Story, end part of an animal |
brake, break | Device to stop, to fracture or pause |
blue, blew | Color, past tense of blow |
new, knew | Not old, past tense of know |
hole, whole | Opening, entire, complete |
principal, principle | Head of a school, fundamental belief |
mail, male | Correspondence, gender |
fair, fare | Equitable, payment for transport |
bored, board | Feeling uninterested, flat piece of wood |
deer, dear | Animal, beloved or expensive |
Part of Nonfiction Text | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
Title | The name of the text, indicating its topic | Example: "A Brief History of Time" |
Table of Contents | Lists the chapters or sections and their page numbers | Example: Contents page in an encyclopedia |
Introduction | Introduces the subject and purpose of the text | Example: Preface in a biography |
Headings/Subheadings | Titles of sections or chapters within the text to organize content | Example: "Early Life," "The Discovery" in a biography |
Main Body | The core content of the text, providing detailed information | Example: Chapters in a history book |
Text Features | Elements like bullet points, sidebars, or diagrams to highlight information | Example: Infographics in a science textbook |
Photographs/Illustrations | Visual elements to support or enhance the text | Example: Photos in a travel guide |
Captions | Descriptions of photographs or illustrations | Example: Captions under images in a documentary book |
Conclusion | Summarizes the text or provides a final viewpoint | Example: Closing chapter in a research study |
Glossary | A list of terms and their definitions | Example: Glossary in a technical manual |
Index | Alphabetical listing of topics with page numbers for easy reference | Example: Index in a reference book |
Bibliography/References | List of sources and additional readings | Example: Bibliography in an academic paper |
Appendices | Additional materials or data related to the text | Example: Surveys or questionnaires in a research report |
Part of Speech | Definition | Example Words |
---|---|---|
Noun | Names a person, place, thing, or idea | dog, city, beauty |
Pronoun | Replaces a noun | he, they, which |
Verb | Shows action or state of being | run, is, become |
Adjective | Describes or modifies a noun/pronoun | happy, blue, tall |
Adverb | Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb | quickly, very, well |
Preposition | Shows relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word | in, on, at |
Conjunction | Connects words, phrases, and clauses | and, but, or |
Interjection | Expresses emotion | wow, ouch, hooray |
Article | Defines a noun as specific or unspecific | a, an, the |
Prefix | Meaning | Example Words |
---|---|---|
un- | not, opposite of | unhappy, unlock, unsure |
re- | again, back | redo, return, rewrite |
pre- | before | predict, preface, prepay |
dis- | not, opposite of | disagree, disappear, disintegrate |
mis- | wrongly | mislead, misplace, misunderstand |
non- | not | nonstop, nonsense, nonfiction |
over- | excessive, too much | overeat, overdo, overreact |
under- | too little | underpaid, underestimate, underground |
sub- | under, below | subway, submerge, subtitle |
inter- | between, among | interact, international, interstellar |
super- | above, beyond | superstar, supernatural, supervise |
semi- | half, partly | semicircle, semifinal, semiannual |
anti- | against, opposite | antifreeze, antidote, antisocial |
fore- | before, front | forecast, forehead, foremost |
de- | opposite, remove | defrost, devalue, deactivate |
trans- | across, change | transport, transatlantic, transform |
co- | with, together | cooperate, coexist, coordinate |
ex- | former, out of | ex-president, exclaim, extract |
bi- | two | bicycle, bilingual, binary |
tri- | three | triangle, tricycle, trio |
post- | after | postgame, postpone, postwar |
poly- | many | polygon, polytheistic, polygamous |
mono- | one, single | monologue, monogamy, monochrome |
auto- | self, own | automatic, autobiography, autopilot |
tele- | distance | telephone, television, telepathy |
Punctuation Mark | Function | Examples |
---|---|---|
Period (.) | Ends a sentence | Example: She loves to read. |
Comma (,) | Separates items, clauses, or phrases | Example: I need milk, eggs, and bread. |
Exclamation Mark (!) | Shows strong emotion or surprise | Example: Wow! That was amazing! |
Question Mark (?) | Ends a question | Example: Are you coming to the party? |
Colon (:) | Introduces a list or explanation | Example: I need the following: butter, sugar, and flour. |
Semicolon (;) | Connects closely related independent clauses | Example: I went running; it was refreshing. |
Dash (–) | Indicates a range or interruption | Example: Read pages 45–50. — Wait, what did you say? |
Hyphen (-) | Joins words or parts of words | Example: Mother-in-law, twenty-five |
Apostrophe (') | Indicates possession or a contraction | Example: It's John's book. |
Quotation Marks (" ") | Encloses direct speech or quotations | Example: She said, "Hello there." |
Parentheses (()) | Encloses additional information | Example: He finally answered (after several minutes). |
Brackets [ ] | Encloses clarifications or corrections | Example: He likes [prefers] to swim. |
Ellipsis (...) | Indicates omission or pause | Example: I don't know... I'm not sure. |
Slash (/) | Separates alternatives or fractions | Example: and/or, 1/2 |
Part of the Story | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
Setting | The time and place in which the story occurs | Example: Medieval castle, 1940s New York |
Characters | The individuals in the story | Example: A young wizard, a detective |
Plot | The sequence of events in the story | Example: Quest for a magical artifact, solving a mystery |
Conflict | The main problem or struggle in the story | Example: Battle between good and evil, personal struggle with identity |
Rising Action | Events that build up the story leading to the climax | Example: Discovering clues, training for a big event |
Climax | The most intense or exciting part of the story | Example: Final showdown, moment of truth |
Falling Action | Events that occur after the climax | Example: Consequences of the climax, beginning of resolution |
Resolution | The end of the story where conflicts are resolved | Example: Return home, realization of a new understanding |
Theme | The underlying message or meaning | Example: The importance of courage, the effects of love |
Point of View | The perspective from which the story is told | Example: First-person, third-person omniscient |
Suffix | Meaning | Example Words |
---|---|---|
-able | capable of, able to | readable, washable, enjoyable |
-less | without | hopeless, endless, careless |
-ness | state of being | happiness, darkness, kindness |
-ment | action or process | agreement, treatment, movement |
-tion, -sion | state of, act of | action, session, completion |
-ful | full of | hopeful, careful, joyful |
-ly | in the manner of | quickly, softly, happily |
-er, -or | one who, that which | teacher, actor, creator |
-ist | one who | artist, scientist, pianist |
-ology | study of | biology, psychology, geology |
-ize, -ise | to make, to become | realize, harmonize, criticize |
-ing | action or process | running, singing, playing |
-ed | past tense | walked, jumped, asked |
-ive | having the nature of | creative, active, sensitive |
-ship | position held | friendship, leadership, membership |
-ance, -ence | state or quality of | importance, dependence, silence |
-dom | state or quality of | freedom, kingdom, boredom |
-y | characterized by | snowy, lucky, happy |
-ous, -ious | full of, having | dangerous, curious, joyous |
-al | relating to | musical, regional, natural |
-en | made of, to make | wooden, golden, shorten |
-ic | relating to | historic, poetic, public |
-ity | quality of | activity, reality, possibility |
-graphy | field of study | photography, geography, calligraphy |
-phobia | fear of | arachnophobia, claustrophobia, agoraphobia |
Vowel Sound | Example Words |
---|---|
Short A | cat, hat, apple |
Long A | cake, make, day |
Short E | bed, pet, ten |
Long E | tree, bee, sea |
Short I | sit, lip, hit |
Long I | kite, light, pie |
Short O | hot, pot, rock |
Long O | boat, coat, snow |
Short U | cup, pup, duck |
Long U | cube, use, unicorn |
Short OO | book, look, foot |
Long OO | moon, spoon, food |
Short OU | out, shout, cloud |
Long OU | soul, bowl, crow |
Short AU | autumn, pause, cause |
Long AU | August, fault, taught |
Short AI | plaid, said, again |
Long AI | rain, tail, main |
Short EA | bread, head, dead |
Long EA | eat, seat, heat |
Short IE | field, shield, priest |
Long IE | lie, pie, tie |
Short UE | guess, success, bury |
Long UE | cue, due, blue |
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