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10.1111_1467-6478.00057.xml
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>10.1111_1467-6478.00057</title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<publisher>mpilhlt</publisher>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<p>10.1111_1467-6478.00057</p>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<p>The article text is not part of this document</p>
<note n="1" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>A.</forename>
<surname>Phillips</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Citizenship and Feminist Politics</title>
’ in
<title level="m">Citizenship</title>
, ed.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>G.</forename>
<surname>Andrews</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1991</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">77</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="2" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>T.</forename>
<surname>Brennan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Pateman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘“
<title level="a">Mere Auxiliaries to the Commonwealth”: Women and the Origins of Liberalism</title>
’ (
<date>1979</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">27</biblScope>
<title level="j">Political Studies</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">183</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="3" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Sawer</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Simms</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">A Woman’s Place: Women and Politics in Australia</title>
(
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
,
<date>1993</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="4" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">I have explored the gendered nature of citizenship at greater length in two complementary papers</seg>
: ‘
<title level="a">Embodying the Citizen</title>
’ in
<title level="m">Public and Private: Feminist Legal Debates</title>
, ed.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Thornton</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1995</date>
)
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">and</seg>
‘
<title level="a">Historicising Citizenship: Remembering Broken Promises</title>
’ (
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">20</biblScope>
<title level="j">Melbourne University Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">1072</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="5" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>S.</forename>
<surname>Walby</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Is Citizenship Gendered?</title>
’ (
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">28</biblScope>
<title level="j">Sociology</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">379</biblScope>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="6" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>I.</forename>
<surname>Kant</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right</title>
’ in
<title level="m">The Metaphysics of Morals</title>
(
<seg type="comment">trans. M. Gregor</seg>
,
<date>1991</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">125–6, s. 146</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="7" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>U.</forename>
<surname>Vogel</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Marriage and the Boundaries of Citizenship</title>
’ in
<title level="m">The Condition of Citizenship</title>
, ed.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>B.</forename>
<surname>van Steenbergen</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">75</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="8" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>N.</forename>
<surname>Fraser</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>L.</forename>
<surname>Gordon</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Civil Citizenship against Social Citizenship?</title>
’
<ref>in id.</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">97</citedRange>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="9" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Vogel</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>id.</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">79</citedRange>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>W.</forename>
<surname>Blackstone</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Commentaries</title>
(
<seg type="comment">Facsimile of 1st. ed. of 1765–69</seg>
,
<date>1979</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">442</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="11" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Vogel</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 7</ref>
, pp.
<citedRange unit="pp">80–1</citedRange>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="12" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>F.</forename>
<surname>Haug</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(ed.),
<title level="a">Female Sexualization: A Collective Work of Memory</title>
(
<date>1987</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">196</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="13" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>A.</forename>
<surname>Bottomley</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Self and Subjectivities: Languages of Claim in Property Law</title>
’ (
<date>1993</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">20</biblScope>
<title level="j">J. of Law and Society</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">56, 61</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="14" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>D.</forename>
<surname>West</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Power and Formation: New Foundations for a Radical Concept of Power</title>
’ (
<date>1987</date>
)
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="30" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<title level="a">Inquiry 137</title>
,
<biblScope unit="pp">145</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Compare</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Foucault</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977</title>
, ed.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Gordon</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1980</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">98</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="15" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For a detailed analysis of legal method and the political role it plays, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.J.</forename>
<surname>Mossman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Feminism, and Legal Method: The Difference it Makes</title>
’ (
<date>1986</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">3</biblScope>
<title level="j">Aust. J. of Law and Society</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">30</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="16" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>H.S.</forename>
<surname>Maine</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas</title>
(
<edition>10th ed.</edition>
,
<date>1912</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">174</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="17" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">This was particularly the case in the United States of America</seg>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.J.</forename>
<surname>Horwitz</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860</title>
(
<date>1977</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">160</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="18" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Grossberg</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America</title>
(
<date>1985</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">ix</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="19" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">Staves postulates that the position was somewhat more complicated in that marriage, as a status, crumbled
in response to contract ideology in the seventeenth century but, by the end of the eighteenth century,
deeper patriarchal structures were re-imposed.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>S.</forename>
<surname>Staves</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Married Women’s Separate Property in England, 1660–1833</title>
(
<date>1990</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">4</biblScope>
,
<biblScope unit="pp">220</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="20" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">Siegel presents a valuable study of the changing norms of marriage in the context of wife beating</seg>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>R.B.</forename>
<surname>Siegel</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘“
<title level="a">The Rule of Love”: Wife Beating as Prerogative and Privacy</title>
’ (
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">105</biblScope>
<title level="j">Yale Law J</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">2117</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="21" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Pateman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">The Sexual Contract</title>
(
<date>1988</date>
).
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For further analysis of the marriage contract, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>K.</forename>
<surname>O’Donovan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Family Matters</title>
(
<date>1993</date>
),
<biblScope unit="pp">especially 43–59</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="23" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Crimes (Sexual Assault) Amendment Act</ref>
<date>1981</date>
(
<pubPlace>N.S.W</pubPlace>
.);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Criminal Law Consolidation Act Amendment Act</ref>
<date>1976</date>
(
<pubPlace>S.A</pubPlace>
.);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Criminal Code (Sexual Offences) Act</ref>
<date>1987</date>
(
<pubPlace>Tas</pubPlace>
.);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Crimes (Sexual Offences)</ref>
<date>1991</date>
(
<pubPlace>Vic</pubPlace>
.);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Acts Amendment (Sexual Assault) Act</ref>
<date>1985</date>
(
<pubPlace>W.A</pubPlace>
.).
<seg type="comment">The High Court upheld the validity of the South Australian law in 1991</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">see</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">R. v. L</ref>
. (
<date>1991</date>
)
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">103 A.L.R. 577</ref>
),
<seg type="comment">the same year that the House of Lords abolished the immunity</seg>
(
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">see</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">R. v. R</ref>
. [
<date>1991</date>
]
<biblScope unit="vol">2</biblScope>
<title level="j">All E.R</title>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">257</ref>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="24" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Contracting in the Haven: Balfour v. Balfour Revisited</title>
’ in
<title level="m">Exploring the Boundaries of Contract</title>
, ed.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>R.</forename>
<surname>Halson</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">74</biblScope>
;
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>R.</forename>
<surname>Collier</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Masculinity, Law and the Family</title>
(
<date>1995</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">127 and throughout</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Collier</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<seg type="comment">further for a comprehensive study of sexuality in marriage</seg>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="25" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>P.S.</forename>
<surname>Atiyah</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">An Introduction to the Law of Contract</title>
(
<edition>5th ed.</edition>
,
<date>1995</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">3</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="26" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">The Australian Law Reform Commission has addressed the issue and recommended recognition of prenuptial
agreements.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<title level="a">A.L.R.C., Matrimonial Property</title>
,
<title level="j">report no. 37</title>
(
<date>1987</date>
);
<author>
<persName>
<surname>A.L.R.C</surname>
</persName>
</author>
.,
<title level="a">Report of the Joint Select Committee on Certain Aspects of the Operation and Interpretation of the Family
Law Act</title>
(
<date>1992</date>
).
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For critique, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Neave</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Private Ordering in Family Law – Will Women Benefit?</title>
’ in
<title level="m">Thornton</title>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 4.</ref>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For a feminist critique of contract in the American context, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Dalton</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine</title>
’ (
<date>1985</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">94</biblScope>
<title level="j">Yale Law J</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">997</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="27" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>L.</forename>
<forename>J.</forename>
<surname>Weitzman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">The Marriage Contract: Spouses, Lovers, and the Law</title>
(
<date>1981</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">347 ff</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="28" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Grossberg</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 18</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">52</citedRange>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="29" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Balfour</surname>
<forename>v.</forename>
<surname>Balfour</surname>
</persName>
</author>
[
<date>1919</date>
]
<biblScope unit="pp">2 K.B. 571</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="30" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 24.</ref>
<seg type="comment">While acknowledging the trends towards contractualism and private ordering, Regan cautions against it,
noting that greater freedom to contract invites greater scrutiny by the courts. More significantly, however,
he would rather reclaim the idea of status by injecting it with new notions of responsibility and
relationality, as well as divesting it of its sexist assumptions.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.C.</forename>
<surname>Regan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
.,
<title level="a">Family Law and the Pursuit of Intimacy</title>
(
<date>1993</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="31" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>For</forename>
<surname>example</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act</ref>
<date>1970</date>
(
<pubPlace>U.K</pubPlace>
.);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Domestic Relations Act</ref>
<date>1975</date>
(
<pubPlace>N.Z</pubPlace>
.);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Marriage Act Amendment Act</ref>
<date>1976</date>
(
<pubPlace>Cwth</pubPlace>
.)
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="32" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>G.S.</forename>
<surname>Frost</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Promises Broken: Courtship, Class, and Gender in Victorian England (1995)</title>
;
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Thornton</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit.</ref>
(
<date>1996</date>
), n. 4.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="33" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Grossberg</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 18</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">38</citedRange>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="34" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Compare</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>U.</forename>
<surname>Vogel</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Is Citizenship Gender-Specific?</title>
’ in
<title level="m">The Frontiers of Citizenship</title>
, eds.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>U.</forename>
<surname>Vogel</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
and
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Moran</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1991</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">59</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="35" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See, for example</seg>
,
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Bradwell v. Illinois 83 U.S. (16 Wall) 130</ref>
(
<date>1873</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="36" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Compare</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>J.</forename>
<surname>Pahl</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Money and Marriage</title>
(
<date>1989</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">5</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="37" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Although</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<seg type="comment">Australia, like the United Kingdom, has a separate property regime, the courts are endowed with broad
powers under the Family Law Act 1975 (Cwth.) to distribute property equitably.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For detailed treatment, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>P.</forename>
<forename>Parkinson</forename>
<surname>S. Parker</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>J.</forename>
<surname>Behrens</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Australian Family Law in Context: Commentary and Materials</title>
(
<date>1994</date>
).
<seg type="comment">Most civil law countries and most American states have developed community property regimes which
recognize the joint ownership of property acquired during marriage, but the legal significance is similarly
directed to the time of divorce.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For discussion of the position during marriage, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>J.T.</forename>
<surname>Oldham</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Management of the Community Estate during an Intact Marriage</title>
’ (
<date>1993</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">56</biblScope>
<title level="j">Law and Contemporary Problems</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">99</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For a discussion of the genesis of the two systems, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Donahue</surname>
</persName>
</author>
., ‘
<title level="a">What Causes Fundamental Legal Ideas? Marital Property in England and France in the Thirteenth Century’</title>
(
<date>1979</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">78</biblScope>
<title level="j">Michigan Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">59</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="38" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">The legal construction of masculinity and femininity in family law has been the subject of recent
scholarly interest.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Notable examples are</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>O’Donovan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 21</ref>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">and</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Collier</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 24.</ref>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="39" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For discussion of sex and legal subjecthood, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>N.</forename>
<surname>Naffine</surname>
</persName>
</author>
‘
<title level="a">Sexing the Subject (of Law)</title>
’ in
<editor>
<persName>
<surname>Thornton</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
,
<ref>op. cit.</ref>
(
<date>1995</date>
),
<ref>n. 4.</ref>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="40" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<title level="j">Contracts Review Act</title>
<date>1980</date>
(
<pubPlace>N.S.W</pubPlace>
.).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="41" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>J.</forename>
<surname>Nedelsky</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Private Property and the Limits of American Constitutionalism: The Madisonian Framework and its Legacy</title>
(
<date>1990</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">especially 223 ff</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="42" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.B.</forename>
<surname>Macpherson</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval</title>
(
<date>1973</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">120</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="43" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For example</seg>
,
<author>
<persName>
<forename>N.</forename>
<surname>Howell</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘“
<title level="a">Sexually Transmitted Debt”: A Feminist Analysis of Laws Regulating Guarantors and Co-Borrowers</title>
’ (
<date>1995</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">4</biblScope>
<title level="j">Aust. Feminist Law J</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">93</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="44" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>P.</forename>
<surname>Baron</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">The Free Exercise of Her Will: Women and Emotionally Transmitted Debt</title>
’ (
<date>1995</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">13</biblScope>
<title level="j">Law in Context</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">23</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="45" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<ref>id.</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">24</citedRange>
;
<author>
<persName>
<forename>B.</forename>
<surname>Fehlberg</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">The Husband, the Bank, the Wife and Her Signature</title>
’ (
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">57</biblScope>
<title level="j">Modern Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">467, 468</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See, also</seg>
,
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Barclays Bank v. O’Brien</ref>
[
<date>1994</date>
]
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">1 A.C. 180</ref>
,
<citedRange unit="pp">at 185</citedRange>
,
<author>
<persName>
<forename>per</forename>
<forename>Brown-Wilkinson</forename>
<surname>L</surname>
</persName>
</author>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="46" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Baron</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 44</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">34</citedRange>
;
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Richardson</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Protecting Women who provide Security for a Husband’s, Partner’s or Child’s Debts. The Value and Limits
of an Economic Perspective’</title>
(
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">16</biblScope>
<title level="j">Legal Studies</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">368</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="47" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Examples are legion, and by no means confined to the more sensational criminal law cases picked up by
the media, such as</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">R. v. Johns</ref>
,
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Supreme Court of South Australia</ref>
, 26 August
<date>1992</date>
(
<seg type="comment">unreported) in which Bollen J. stated that it was acceptable for a husband to resort to ‘rougher than
usual handling’ to persuade his wife to have sex with him. For examples relating to STD,</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Howell</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 43.</ref>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="48" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>B.</forename>
<surname>Fehlberg</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">The Husband, the Bank, the Wife and Her Signature – the Sequel</title>
’ (
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">59</biblScope>
<title level="j">Modern Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">675</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="49" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">National Australia Bank Ltd v. Garcia</ref>
(
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">39</biblScope>
<title level="j">N.S.W.L.R</title>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">577 (N.S.W.C.A.). 50</ref>
(
<date>1991</date>
)
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">25 N.S.W.L.R. 32 (C.A.)</ref>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="52" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<date>1994</date>
)
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">A.S.C. 56–268 (N.S.W.C.A.)</ref>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="53" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">Based on the</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cwth.)</ref>
, s.
<citedRange unit="pp">52</citedRange>
,
<seg type="comment">and the</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Contracts Review Act</ref>
<date>1980</date>
(
<pubPlace>N.S.W</pubPlace>
.).
<biblScope unit="vol">54</biblScope>
(
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">A.S.C. 56–270 (N.S.W.C.A.)</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="55" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">A number of recent English cases have also turned on the question of whether the wife received independent
legal advice. The House of Lords considered the issue</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">in Barclays Bank v. O’Brien</ref>
[
<date>1994</date>
]
<biblScope unit="pp">1 A.C. 180</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See, also</seg>
,
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Banco Exterior Internacional v. Mann</ref>
[
<date>1995</date>
]
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">1 All E.R. 936</ref>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="56" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>I.J.</forename>
<surname>Hardingham</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.A.</forename>
<surname>Neave</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Australian Family Property Law</title>
(
<date>1984</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">94</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="57" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Compare</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>K.</forename>
<surname>O’Donovan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Sexual Divisions in Law</title>
(
<date>1985</date>
),
<biblScope unit="pp">especially 112–18</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="58" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">Although Reich’s work on the conceptualization of non-traditional sources of wealth, such as employment
and professional qualifications, as forms of ‘new property’ has been influential, he did not broach the
subject of caring work.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.A.</forename>
<surname>Reich</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">The New Property</title>
’ (
<date>1964</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">73</biblScope>
<title level="j">Yale Law J</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">733</biblScope>
.
<seg type="comment">Despite a greater sensitivity to the interests of women, as well as writing almost two decades later,
Glendon also fails to address the question of unpaid work as a form of property.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.A.</forename>
<surname>Glendon</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">The New Family and the New Property</title>
(
<date>1981</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="59" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<date>1992</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">29 N.S.W.L.R. 188 (C.A.)</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="60" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">Trusts of this kind have been judicially created in order to obviate injustice. Ironically, such devices
have been commonly utilized over the last twenty years or so in property disputes arising out of de facto
relationships, where divisibility has permitted separate interests to crystallize in ways not recognized
within marriage.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For a discussion of recent trends in Australia, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>P.</forename>
<surname>Parkinson</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Property Rights and Third Party Creditors – the Scope and Limitations of Equitable Doctrines</title>
’ (
<date>1997</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">11</biblScope>
<title level="j">Australian J. Family Law</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">100</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="61" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For discussion, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>J.</forename>
<surname>Riley</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">The Property Rights of Home-Makers under General Law: Bryson v. Bryant</title>
’ (
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">16</biblScope>
<title level="j">Sydney Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">412</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="62" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">The</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>Justice</forename>
<forename>T. E.</forename>
<surname>Lindenmayer</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>P.A.</forename>
<surname>Doolan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">When Bankruptcy and Family Law Collide</title>
’ (
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">8</biblScope>
<title level="j">Aust. J. Family Law</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">111, 133</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="63" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>B.</forename>
<surname>Bennett</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">The Economics of Wifing Services: Law and Economics on the Family</title>
’ (
<date>1991</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">18</biblScope>
<title level="j">J. of Law and Society</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">206</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="64" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>O’Donovan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 57</ref>
;
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Thornton</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit. (1995), n. 4.</ref>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="65" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">N.S.W.C.A., unreported</seg>
, 23 May
<date>1994</date>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="66" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For detailed discussion of the ramifications, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>L.J.</forename>
<surname>Weitzman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in
America</title>
(
<date>1985</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="67" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.L.</forename>
<surname>Shanley</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England, 1850–1895</title>
(
<date>1989</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">46</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="68" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="comment">The move to contract as the governing principle of family law has been noted by commentators</seg>
.
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See, for example</seg>
,
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 24</ref>
;
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Neave</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 26</ref>
;
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Regan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<ref>op. cit., n. 30.</ref>
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="69" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>Bryson</forename>
<forename>v.</forename>
<surname>Bryant</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<seg type="comment">in respect of which, it might be noted, the High Court refused leave to appeal. Marcia Neave notes the
‘artificiality’ of the concept of intention in a discussion of the constructive trust in the context of de
facto spouses.</seg>
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">See</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<surname>Neave</surname>
</persName>
</author>
‘
<title level="a">Three Approaches to Family Law Disputes – Intention/Belief, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability’</title>
in
<title level="m">Equity, Fiduciaries and Trusts</title>
, ed.
<editor>
<persName>
<forename>T.G.</forename>
<surname>Youdan</surname>
</persName>
</editor>
(
<date>1989</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">262–4</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="70" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For an interesting case study of this phenomenon, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>L.</forename>
<surname>Sarmas</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Storytelling and the Law: A Case Study of Louth v. Diprose</title>
’ (
<date>1994</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">19</biblScope>
<title level="j">Melbourne University Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">701</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="71" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Colebrook</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Feminist Ethics and Historicism</title>
’ (
<date>1996</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">11</biblScope>
<title level="j">Aust. Feminist Studies</title>
<biblScope unit="pp">295, 300</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="72" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.</forename>
<forename>Albertson</forename>
<surname>Fineman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies</title>
(
<date>1995</date>
)
<biblScope unit="pp">7</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="73" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">Compare</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>K.</forename>
<surname>O’Donovan</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Should all Maintenance of Spouses be abolished?</title>
’ (
<date>1982</date>
)
<biblScope unit="vol">45</biblScope>
<title level="j">Modern Law Rev</title>
.
<biblScope unit="pp">424, 431–3</biblScope>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="74" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For example</seg>
,
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">De Facto Relationships Act</ref>
<date>1984</date>
(
<pubPlace>N.S.W</pubPlace>
.).
</bibl>
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For detailed analysis of the policy considerations, see</seg>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>M.D.A.</forename>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.M.</forename>
<surname>Lyon</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Cohabitation without Marriage: An Essay in Law and Social Policy</title>
(
<date>1983</date>
);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>New</forename>
<forename>South Wales Law Reform</forename>
<surname>Commission</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">De Facto Relationships: Issues Paper</title>
(
<date>1981</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="75" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>Eds. of the Harvard</forename>
<forename>Law</forename>
<surname>Review</surname>
</persName>
</author>
,
<title level="a">Sexual Orientation and the Law</title>
(
<date>1990</date>
);
</bibl>
<bibl>
<ref type="legal">Dean v. District of Columbia 653 U.S. App. D.C</ref>
<citedRange unit="pp">307</citedRange>
(
<date>1995</date>
);
<author>
<persName>
<forename>C.</forename>
<surname>Overington</surname>
</persName>
</author>
, ‘
<title level="a">Why can’t They Marry?</title>
’
<title level="j">The Age</title>
,
<biblScope unit="pp">26</biblScope>
April
<date>1997</date>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="76" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<seg type="signal">For example</seg>
,
<author>
<persName>
<surname>Lesbian</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<author>
<persName>
<forename>Gay</forename>
<forename>Rights</forename>
<surname>Service</surname>
</persName>
</author>
and
<title level="a">The Bride Wore Pink; Legal Recognition of Our Relationships</title>
(
<date>1994</date>
).
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="77" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<ref>id.</ref>
, p.
<citedRange unit="pp">3</citedRange>
.
</bibl>
</note>
<note n="78" type="footnote" place="bottom">
<bibl>
<ref>Above, n. 30.</ref>
</bibl>
</note>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
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