- https://lightning.network
- http://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=462
- http://ledgerjournal.org
- SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies: http://www.jbonneau.com/doc/BMCNKF15-IEEESP-bitcoin.pdf
- Sybil attacks: “The Sybil Attack” by John R. Douceur PDF
- Intrapolynomial cryptography: “Intrapolynomial Cryptography” by Nick Szabo
- Timestamping: “Improving Time Stamping Schemes: A Distributed Point of View” by A. Bonnecaze, P. Liardet, A. Gabillon, and K. Blibech PDF
- Nakamoto consensus as anon & probabilistic Byzantine consensus: “Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin” by Andrew Miller and Joseph J. LaViola, Jr PDF
- State machine replication: “Implementing Fault-tolerant Services using the State Machine Approach: A Tutorial” by Fred B. Schneider
- http://nakamotoinstitute.org/literature/
- http://dcg.ethz.ch/lectures/podc_allstars/
- http://book.mixu.net/distsys/single-page.html
- http://szabo.best.vwh.net/distributed.html
- http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf
- http://szabo.best.vwh.net/coalition.html
- https://www.cs.unc.edu/~reiter/papers/1998/DC.pdf
- https://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yash/euro98.ps
- http://www.gsd.inesc-id.pt/~mpc/pubs/survey-ba-journal-formated.pdf
- http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/trans.pdf
- http://consensusresearch.org/
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_clock
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport_timestamps
- http://groups.csail.mit.edu/tds/papers/Lynch/jacm85.pdf, Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty Process
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2011: QuantumMechanic introduces the concept of Proof-of-stake, Juli 2011 https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=27787.0;all
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2012: Peercoin, August 2012 http://www.peercoin.net/assets/paper/peercoin-paper.pdf
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2013: Nxt, September 2013 https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=303898.0
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https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=112676.0, Come-From-Beyond's Qubic, 2012
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http://www.reddit.com/r/peercoin/comments/1sokg2/proof_of_stake_and_peercoins_historic_significance/
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https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=68213.0, Discussion 2012
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https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=102355.0, Proof of activity 2012